| English | Welsh | Middle Welsh | Old Welsh | Cumbric | Cornish | Breton | Irish Gaelic | Scottish Gaelic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I went | es i | euthum | euthum | euthum | eth vy | aen | chuaigh mé | chaidh mi |
| he/she went | aeth e/hi | aeth | aeth | aeth | eth ev / eth hi | ae | chuaigh sé/sí | chaidh e/i |
| I will go | af i | af | aph | aph | bydhav ow mos | in | rachaidh mé | thèid mi |
| he/she will go | aiff e/hi | â | a | a | bydh ow mos | aio | rachaidh sé/sí | thèid e/i |
| I have gone | rwyf i wedi mynd | rwyf i wedi mynd | euthum | euthum | my res eth | on aet | táim tar éis dul | tha mi air falbh / air dhol |
| I came | des i | deuthum | deuthum | deuthum | deuth vy | deuen | tháinig mé | thàinig mi |
| I will come | dof i | deuaf | deuuaph | deuuaph | bydhav ow dos | deuin | tiocfaidh mé | thig mi |
| I have come | rwyf i wedi dod | rwyf i wedi dyfod | deuthum | deuthum | my re dheuth | on deut | táim tar éis teacht | tha mi air tighinn |
| I did | gwnes i | gwneuthum | guneuthum | guneuthum | gwrug vy | graen | rinne mé | rinn mi |
| I will do | gwnaf i | gwnaf | gunaph | gunaph | a wrav | grin | déanfaidh mé | nì mi |
| I have done | rwyf i wedi gwneud | rwyf i wedi gwneuthur | guneuthum | guneuthum | my re wrug | am eus graet | táim tar éis déanta / táim tar éis é a dhéanamh | tha mi air a dhèanamh |
| I took | cymeres i | kymereis | kymereis | kymereis | kemeris vy | kemeren | ghlac mé / thóg mé | ghabh mi |
| I have taken | rwyf i wedi cymryd | rwyf i wedi cymryd | kymereis | kymereis | my re gemeras | am eus kemeret | táim tar éis é a thógáil | tha mi air a ghabhail |
| I gave | rhoddes i | rodeis | rodeis | rodeis | ros vy | roen | thug mé | thug mi |
| I have given | rwyf i wedi rhoi | rwyf i wedi rhoddi | rodeis | rodeis | my re ros | am eus roet | táim tar éis é a thabhairt | tha mi air a thoirt |
| I saw | gweles i | gweleis | gueleis | gueleis | gwelis vy | gwelen | chonaic mé | chunnaic mi |
| I have seen | rwyf i wedi gweld | rwyf i wedi gweld | gueleis | gueleis | my re welas | am eus gwelet | táim tar éis é a fheiceáil | tha mi air fhaicinn |
| I knew | roeddwn i'n gwybod | gwyddwn | guypum | guypum | gothya vy | gouien | bhí a fhios agam | bha fios agam |
| I have known | rwyf i wedi gwybod | rwyf i wedi gwybod | guypum | guypum | my re odhias | gouezet am eus | tá a fhios agam le fada | tha fios agam bho chionn fhada |
| I wanted | roeddwn i eisiau | mynnwn | mynnwn | mynnwn | mynsen vy | felle din | theastaigh … uaim / ba mhaith liom | bha mi ag iarraidh / bu toigh leam |
| I will want | byddaf i eisiau | mynnaf | mynnaf | mynnaf | a vynnav | fellezo din | beidh … uaim / ba mhaith liom | bidh mi ag iarraidh |
| I have wanted | rwyf i wedi moyn | mynneis | mynneis | mynneis | my re vynnas | mennet am eus | tá … uaim le fada | tha mi air a bhith ag iarraidh |
| I needed | roedd angen arnaf i | oed angen arnaf | oed angen im | oed angen im | res o dhymm | ezhomm am boa | bhí … de dhíth orm / theastaigh … uaim | bha … a dhìth orm |
| I have needed | rwyf i wedi bod angen | rwyf i wedi bod angen | bu angen im | bu angen im | res a veu dhymm | ezhomm am boe | tá … ag teastáil uaim le fada | tha … a dhìth orm fad ùine |
The full training programme — row-by-row quizzes, section quizzes with an 80% pass threshold, and progress tracking — is available on Polyglot™, the master platform covering all 21 languages simultaneously.
For Celtic-focused learners: Once on Polyglot™, use the Column Order modal to bring Welsh, Old Welsh, Revitalised Cumbric, Cornish, Breton, Irish Gaelic, and Scottish Gaelic to the front. The triangulation method — seeing all seven Celtic languages side by side — makes patterns immediately visible.
Pronunciation: Use ChatGPT in voice mode or Google Gemini alongside each study session. Read each row aloud and ask for pronunciation feedback — this is an integral part of the recommended learning process.
Rows per Day: Use the 📅 button on Polyglot™ to set your daily target. One row per day is a sustainable pace; at this rate every row you study has already been reviewed by the Penrith Beacon Communications | PBC team.