| English | Welsh | Middle Welsh | Old Welsh | Cumbric | Cornish | Breton | Irish Gaelic | Scottish Gaelic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| red | coch | coch | coch | coch | rudh | ruz | dearg (after noun, lenites if fem: dearg → dhearg) | dearg (lenites after fem noun: dhearg) |
| blue | glas | glas | glas | glas | glas | glas / glaz | gorm (also used for green in some contexts — gorm/glas overlap) | gorm (blue); uaine (green) — gorm can also mean green/blue in some dialects |
| green | gwyrdd / werdd (f) | gwyrdd / werdd (f) | guirdd | guirdd | gwyrdh / gwer | gwer | glas (natural/plant green) / uaithne (vivid green) — glas also means grey/blue-grey | uaine (vivid green) / glas (grey-green, natural) |
| yellow | melyn / felen (f) | melyn / felen (f) | melin | melin | melen | melen | buí (lenites after fem noun: bhuí) | buidhe (lenites: bhuidhe after fem noun) |
| black | du / ddu (f) | du / ddu (f) | du | du | du | du | dubh (lenites: dhubh after fem noun) | dubh (lenites: dhubh after fem noun) |
| white | gwyn / wen (f) | gwyn / wen (f) | guin | guin | gwynn | gwenn | bán (lenites: bhán after fem noun) | geal / bàn (lenites: gheal / bhàn after fem noun) |
| orange | oren | oren | — | — | rudhvelyn | orañjez / melenruz | flannbhuí / oráiste (borrowed) | orains (borrowed) / ruadh-bhuidhe |
| purple | porffor | porffor | porphur | porphur | glasrudh / purpur | glasruz | corcra / purpair (lenites: chorcra / phurpair after fem noun) | purpaidh / corcur (lenites: phurpaidh / chorcur after fem noun) |
| brown | brown / gwinau | brown / gwinau | guinau | guinau | gell | gell | donn (lenites: dhonn after fem noun) | donn (lenites: dhonn after fem noun) |
| grey | llwyd | llwyd | luid | luid | loes | louet | liath (lenites: liath after fem — no change; liath is regular) | liath (lenites: liath — same form) |
The full training programme — row-by-row quizzes, section quizzes with an 80% pass threshold, and progress tracking — is available on Polyglot™, the master platform covering all 21 languages simultaneously.
For Celtic-focused learners: Once on Polyglot™, use the Column Order modal to bring Welsh, Old Welsh, Revitalised Cumbric, Cornish, Breton, Irish Gaelic, and Scottish Gaelic to the front. The triangulation method — seeing all seven Celtic languages side by side — makes patterns immediately visible.
Pronunciation: Use ChatGPT in voice mode or Google Gemini alongside each study session. Read each row aloud and ask for pronunciation feedback — this is an integral part of the recommended learning process.
Rows per Day: Use the 📅 button on Polyglot™ to set your daily target. One row per day is a sustainable pace; at this rate every row you study has already been reviewed by the Penrith Beacon Communications | PBC team.