| English | Welsh | Middle Welsh | Old Welsh | Cumbric | Cornish | Breton | Irish Gaelic | Scottish Gaelic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| big | mawr / fawr (f/after noun) | mawr / fawr (f/after noun) | maur | maur | bras | bras | mór (lenites: mhór after fem noun) | mòr (lenites: mhòr after fem noun) |
| small | bach / fach (f) | bach / fach (f) | bychan | bychan | bian | bihan | beag (lenites: bheag after fem noun) | beag (lenites: bheag after fem noun) |
| long | hir | hir | hir | hir | hir | hir | fada (no lenition — begins with f which is already lenitable; fhada after fem noun) | fada (fhada after fem noun) |
| short | byr / fer (f) | byr / fer (f) | byr | byr | berr | berr | gearr (lenites: ghearr after fem noun) | goirid (lenites: ghoirid after fem noun) |
| tall | tal | tal | tal | tal | uhel | uhel | ard (lenites: ard — begins with vowel, no lenition shown) | àrd (lenites: àrd — begins with vowel, no lenition shown) |
| wide | llydan / lydan (f) | llydan / lydan (f) | liudan | liudan | ledan | ledan | leathan (lenites: leathan — begins with l, lenition shown as leathain in gen) | leathann (lenites: leathann — l not lenited in ScG) |
| narrow | cul | cul | cul | cul | kul | strizh | cúng (lenites: chúng after fem noun) | cumhang (lenites: chumhang after fem noun) |
| happy | hapus / dedwydd | hapus / dedwydd | llauen | llauen | lowen | laouen | sásta / áthasach (sásta = satisfied/happy; áthasach = joyful) | toilichte / sona (toilichte = satisfied; sona = happy/lucky) |
| sad | trist / busneslyd | trist / busneslyd | trist | trist | trist | trist | brónach (lenites: bhrónach after fem noun) | brònach (lenites: bhrònach after fem noun) |
| tired | wedi blino | wedi blino | blinetig | blinetig | skwith | skuizh | tuirseach (lenites: thuirseach after fem noun) | sgìth (lenites: sgìth — s not lenited in this form) |
| hungry | newynog | newynog | neunoc | neunoc | konus | naon | ocrach (lenites: ocrach — begins with vowel) | acrach (lenites: acrach — begins with vowel) |
| angry | wyllt / dig | wyllt / dig | dig | dig | kolek | kounnar | feargach (lenites: fheargach after fem noun) | feargach (lenites: fheargach after fem noun) |
| afraid | ofnus / yn ofn | ofnus / yn ofn | oumous | oumous | ownek | aon | eaglach / scanraithe (eaglach = fearful; scanraithe = frightened) | eagalach (lenites: eagalach — begins with vowel) |
| cold | oer | oer | oer | oer | yeyn | yen | fuar (lenites: fhuar after fem noun) | fuar (lenites: fhuar after fem noun) |
| hot | poeth | poeth | poeth | poeth | tomm | tomm | te / teo (lenites: the / theo after fem noun) | teth / blàth (teth = hot; blàth = warm) |
| well | yn iawn | yn iawn | iach | iach | yn poynt da / yagh | yac\'h / mat | go maith (adverb, not adjective — 'tá mé go maith' = I am well) | gu math (adverb — 'tha mi gu math' = I am well) |
| ill / sick | sâl / tost | sâl / tost | claf | claf | klav | klañv | tinn / breoite (tinn = sick/sore; breoite = ill/ailing) | tinn / bochd (tinn = sick; bochd = poor/ill) |
The full training programme — row-by-row quizzes, section quizzes with an 80% pass threshold, and progress tracking — is available on Polyglot™, the master platform covering all 21 languages simultaneously.
For Celtic-focused learners: Once on Polyglot™, use the Column Order modal to bring Welsh, Old Welsh, Revitalised Cumbric, Cornish, Breton, Irish Gaelic, and Scottish Gaelic to the front. The triangulation method — seeing all seven Celtic languages side by side — makes patterns immediately visible.
Pronunciation: Use ChatGPT in voice mode or Google Gemini alongside each study session. Read each row aloud and ask for pronunciation feedback — this is an integral part of the recommended learning process.
Rows per Day: Use the 📅 button on Polyglot™ to set your daily target. One row per day is a sustainable pace; at this rate every row you study has already been reviewed by the Penrith Beacon Communications | PBC team.