| English | Welsh | Middle Welsh | Old Welsh | Cumbric | Cornish | Breton | Irish Gaelic | Scottish Gaelic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I can | gallaf i | gallaf | gallaf | gallaf | gallav | gallan | is féidir liom / tá mé in ann | faodaidh mi / is urrainn dhomh |
| you can | galli di | galli | gelli | gelli | gyllydh | gales | is féidir leat / tá tú in ann | faodaidh tu / is urrainn dhut |
| he/she/it can | gall e/hi | gall | geill | geill | gyll | gall | is féidir leis/léi | faodaidh e/i / is urrainn dha/dhi |
| we can | gallwn ni | gallwn | gallwm | gallwm | gyllyn | galleomp | is féidir linn / táimid in ann | faodaidh sinn / is urrainn dhuinn |
| you can | gallwch chi | gallwch | gallwch | gallwch | gyllowgh | gallit | is féidir libh | faodaidh sibh / is urrainn dhuibh |
| they can | gallan nhw | gallant | gallant | gallant | gyllons | galleont | is féidir leo | faodaidh iad / is urrainn dhaibh |
| I could | gallwn i | gallwn | gallwn | gallwn | gyllen | gallen | b'fhéidir liom / bhí mé in ann | b'urrainn dhomh / dh'fhaodainn |
| he/she/it could | gallai e/hi | gallai | gallai | gallai | gylli | galle | b'fhéidir leis/léi / bhí sé/sí in ann | b'urrainn dha/dhi / dh'fhaodadh e/i |
| I could (would be able) | gallwn i | gallwn | gallwn | gallwn | gyllen | galfen | d'fhéadfainn / bheinn in ann | b'urrainn dhomh / dh'fhaodainn |
| I must | rhaid i mi | rhaid i mi | dlyssaf | dlyssaf | res yw dhymm | rankan | caithfidh mé / ní mór dom | feumaidh mi |
| you must | rhaid i ti | rhaid i ti | dlyssy | dlyssy | res yw dhis | rankes | caithfidh tú / ní mór duit | feumaidh tu |
| he/she/it must | rhaid iddo/iddi | rhaid iddo/iddi | dlys | dlys | res yw dhodho / dhedhi | rank | caithfidh sé/sí / ní mór dó/di | feumaidh e/i |
| we must | rhaid i ni | rhaid i ni | dlyssm | dlyssm | res yw dhyn | rankeomp | caithfimid / ní mór dúinn | feumaidh sinn |
| you must | rhaid i chi | rhaid i chwi | dlysswch | dlysswch | res yw dhywgh | rankit | caithfidh sibh / ní mór daoibh | feumaidh sibh |
| they must | rhaid iddyn nhw | rhaid iddynt hwy | dlyssant | dlyssant | res yw dhedha | rankeont | caithfidh siad / ní mór dóibh | feumaidh iad |
| I should | dylwn i | dylwn | dylwn | dylwn | y talsa dhymm | dleen | ba chóir dom | bu chòir dhomh |
| you should | dylet ti | dylet | dyly | dyly | y talsa dhis | dlees | ba chóir duit | bu chòir dhut |
| he/she/it should | dylai e/hi | dylai | dely | dely | y talsa dhodho | dlee | ba chóir dó/di | bu chòir dha/dhi |
| we should | dylem ni | dylem | dylwm | dylwm | y talsa dhyn | dleemp | ba chóir dúinn | bu chòir dhuinn |
| I may | efallai y byddaf | efallai y byddaf | gallaf | gallaf | martesen y allav | marteze gallan | b'fhéidir go bhfuilim / d'fhéadfainn | faodaidh mi / is dòcha gun |
| he/she may | efallai y bydd | efallai y bydd | geill | geill | martesen y all | marteze gall | b'fhéidir go bhfuil sé/sí | faodaidh e/i / is dòcha gun tig e/i |
| I might | fe allwn i | gallwn | gallwn | gallwn | martesen y alsen | marteze galfen | d'fhéadfainn / b'fhéidir go | dh'fhaodainn / b'dòcha gun |
| I will | fe/mi + byddaf | fe/mi + byddaf | bydaph | bydaph | a vydh (affirmative future) | a + futur | (future tense suffix on verb) | (future tense suffix on verb) |
| you will | fe/mi + byddi | fe/mi + byddi | bydy | bydy | a vydh (affirmative future) | a + futur | (future encoded in verb endings — no auxiliary) | (future encoded in verb endings — no auxiliary) |
| he/she/it will | fe/mi + bydd | fe/mi + bydd | byd | byd | a vydh (affirmative future) | a + futur | (future encoded in verb endings — no auxiliary) | (future encoded in verb endings — no auxiliary) |
| I shall | fe wnaf i | fe wnaf i | bydaph | bydaph | a wrav | a rin | (future encoded in verb endings — no auxiliary) | (future encoded in verb endings — no auxiliary) |
| we shall | fe wnawn ni | fe wnawn ni | bydwm | bydwm | a wren | a raimp | (future encoded in verb endings — no auxiliary) | (future encoded in verb endings — no auxiliary) |
The full training programme — row-by-row quizzes, section quizzes with an 80% pass threshold, and progress tracking — is available on Polyglot™, the master platform covering all 21 languages simultaneously.
For Celtic-focused learners: Once on Polyglot™, use the Column Order modal to bring Welsh, Old Welsh, Revitalised Cumbric, Cornish, Breton, Irish Gaelic, and Scottish Gaelic to the front. The triangulation method — seeing all seven Celtic languages side by side — makes patterns immediately visible.
Pronunciation: Use ChatGPT in voice mode or Google Gemini alongside each study session. Read each row aloud and ask for pronunciation feedback — this is an integral part of the recommended learning process.
Rows per Day: Use the 📅 button on Polyglot™ to set your daily target. One row per day is a sustainable pace; at this rate every row you study has already been reviewed by the Penrith Beacon Communications | PBC team.