| English | Welsh | Middle Welsh | Old Welsh | Cumbric | Cornish | Breton | Irish Gaelic | Scottish Gaelic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| in | yn (+ soft mutation) / mewn | yn (+ soft mutation) / mewn | yn | yn | yn / en | e / en | i / in (+ eclipsis: i mBaile Átha Cliath = in Dublin) | ann an / ann am (ann am Baile Mòr = in the town) |
| on | ar | ar | ar | ar | war | war | ar (+ lenition: ar an mbord = on the table — eclipsis in Connacht/Ulster) | air (air a' bhòrd = on the table) |
| at | wrth / yn | wrth / yn | at | at | orth | e / e-tal | ag (+ eclipsis before article: ag an mbord = at the table; ag in many prepositional pronouns) | aig (aig a' bhòrd = at the table) |
| to | i / at / tua at | i / at / tua at | i | i | dhe | da | go (+ eclipsis: go dtí = up to/until; go Baile Átha Cliath = to Dublin) | gu / do (gu Glaschu = to Glasgow; do'n bhaile = to the town) |
| from | o / oddi wrth | o / oddi wrth | o | o | a / dhyworth | eus / deus | ó / as (ó = from a place/person; as = out of: as Éirinn = from Ireland) | à / o (à Alba = from Scotland; o = from) |
| with | gyda / efo / â (+ aspirate) | gyda / efo / â (+ aspirate) | gan | gan | gans | gant | le (+ lenition: le mo chara = with my friend; fused: liom, leat, leis, léi, linn, libh, leo) | le (fused: leam, leat, leis, leatha, leinn, leibh, leotha) |
| for | ar gyfer / dros | ar gyfer / dros | er | er | rag | evit | do / ar son (do = for/to: dom = for me; ar son = for the sake of) | do / airson (do = for/to; airson = for the sake of / in order to) |
| about | am (+ soft mutation) | am (+ soft mutation) | am | am | a-dro dhe | diwar-benn | faoi / maidir le (faoi = about/under; fused: fúm, fút, faoi, fúithi, fúinn, fúibh, fúthu) | mu / mu dheidhinn (mu = about; fused: umam, umad, uime, uimpe, umainn, umaibh, umpa) |
| between | rhwng | rhwng | ruing | ruing | ynter | etre | idir (fused: eadrainn = between us, eadraibh = between you, eatarthu = between them) | eadar (fused: eadarainn, eadaraibh, eatorra) |
| under | dan / o dan | dan / o dan | tan | tan | yn-dann | dindan | faoi (+ lenition — same word as 'about' in a different sense; fused: fúm, fút etc.) | fo (fused: fodham, fodhad, fodha, fodhpe, fodhainn, fodhaibh, fodhpa) |
| over / above | uwchben / dros | uwchben / dros | uwch | uwch | a-ugh | dreist | os cionn / thar (os cionn = above; thar = over/across; fused: tharam, tharat, thairis, thairsti etc.) | os cionn / thar (os cionn = above; thar fused: tharam, tharat, thairis, thairte etc.) |
| before | cyn / o flaen | cyn / o flaen | cein | cein | kyns / a-dherag | a-raok | roimh (+ lenition; fused: romham, romhat, roimhe, roimpi, romhainn, romhaibh, rompu) | ro / roimh (fused: romham, romhad, roimhe, roimhpe, romhainn, romhaibh, romhpa) |
| after | ar ôl | ar ôl | guetig | guetig | wosa | goude | tar éis / i ndiaidh (tar éis = after; i ndiaidh = following/in the wake of; i ndiaidh eclipses) | às dèidh / an dèidh (às dèidh = after; an dèidh + gen) |
The full training programme — row-by-row quizzes, section quizzes with an 80% pass threshold, and progress tracking — is available on Polyglot™, the master platform covering all 21 languages simultaneously.
For Celtic-focused learners: Once on Polyglot™, use the Column Order modal to bring Welsh, Old Welsh, Revitalised Cumbric, Cornish, Breton, Irish Gaelic, and Scottish Gaelic to the front. The triangulation method — seeing all seven Celtic languages side by side — makes patterns immediately visible.
Pronunciation: Use ChatGPT in voice mode or Google Gemini alongside each study session. Read each row aloud and ask for pronunciation feedback — this is an integral part of the recommended learning process.
Rows per Day: Use the 📅 button on Polyglot™ to set your daily target. One row per day is a sustainable pace; at this rate every row you study has already been reviewed by the Penrith Beacon Communications | PBC team.