| English | Welsh | Middle Welsh | Old Welsh | Cumbric | Cornish | Breton | Irish Gaelic | Scottish Gaelic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | i | mi | mi | mi | my | me | mé / mise (emphatic) | mi / mise (emphatic) |
| you | ti | ti | ti | ti | ty | te | tú / tusa (emphatic) | thu / thusa (emphatic) |
| he | e / fe / fo | ef | ef | ef | ev | eñ | sé / seisean (emphatic) | e / esan (emphatic) |
| she | hi | hi | hi | hi | hi | hi | sí / sise (emphatic) | i / ise (emphatic) |
| it | e / hi | e / hi | hit | hit | ev / hi | eñ / hi | sé (masc) / sí (fem) — Irish has no neuter | e (masc) / i (fem) — no neuter in Scottish Gaelic |
| we | ni | ni | ni | ni | ni | ni | muid / sinn / muide (emphatic) | sinn / sinne (emphatic) |
| you (plural) | chi | chwi | chwi | chwi | hwi | c\'hwi | sibh / sibhse (emphatic) | sibh / sibhse (emphatic) |
| they | nhw | hwy | wy | wy | i | int | siad / siadsan (emphatic) | iad / iadsan (emphatic) |
| you (formal) | chi | chwi | ti | ti | hwi | c\'hwi | sibh (same as plural — no separate formal) | sibh (same as plural — no separate formal) |
| me | fi | mi | mi | mi | vy | me | mé / mise — also fused with preps: 'agam, orm, liom' | mi / mise — fused with preps: 'agam, orm, leam' |
| you | ti | ti | ti | ti | jy | te | tú / tusa — fused: 'agat, ort, leat' | thu / thusa — fused: 'agad, ort, leat' |
| him | e / fe / fo | ef | ef | ef | ev | eñ / anezhañ | é / eisean — fused: 'aige, air, leis' | e / esan — fused: 'aige, air, leis' |
| her | hi | hi | hi | hi | hi | hi / anezhi | í / ise — fused: 'aici, uirthi, léi' | i / ise — fused: 'aice, oirre, leatha' |
| us | ni | ni | ni | ni | ni | ni / aneomp | muid / sinn / muide — fused: 'againn, orainn, linn' | sinn / sinne — fused: 'againn, oirnn, leinn' |
| you (plural) | chi | chwi | chwi | chwi | hwi | c\'hwi / anec\'h | sibh / sibhse — fused: 'agaibh, oraibh, libh' | sibh / sibhse — fused: 'agaibh, oirbh, leibh' |
| them | nhw | hwy | wy | wy | i | anezho | iad / siadsan — fused: 'acu, orthu, leo' | iad / iadsan — fused: 'aca, orra, leotha' |
| my | fy … i | fy … | um- | um- | ow | ma | mo + lenition (mo leabhar = my book) | mo + lenition (mo leabhar = my book) |
| your | dy … di | dy … | ith- | ith- | dha | da | do + lenition (do leabhar = your book) | do + lenition (do leabhar = your book) |
| his | ei … e | ei … | i- | i- | y | e | a + lenition (a leabhar = his book) | a + lenition (a leabhar = his book) |
| her | ei … hi | ei … | e- | e- | hy | he | a + eclipsis (a leabhar = her book — same sound as 'his' but triggers different mutation) | a + h before vowel (a h-ainm = her name) |
| our | ein … ni | ein … | ein- | ein- | agan | hor / hon | ár + eclipsis (ár leabhar = our book) | ar + eclipsis (ar leabhar = our book) |
| your (plural) | eich … chi | eich … | ech- | ech- | agas | ho | bhur + eclipsis (bhur leabhar = your book) | ur + eclipsis (ur leabhar = your book) |
| their | eu … nhw | eu … | eu- | eu- | aga | o | a + eclipsis (a leabhar = their book — same form as 'her' possessive, context distinguishes) | an + eclipsis (an leabhar = their book) |
The full training programme — row-by-row quizzes, section quizzes with an 80% pass threshold, and progress tracking — is available on Polyglot™, the master platform covering all 21 languages simultaneously.
For Celtic-focused learners: Once on Polyglot™, use the Column Order modal to bring Welsh, Old Welsh, Revitalised Cumbric, Cornish, Breton, Irish Gaelic, and Scottish Gaelic to the front. The triangulation method — seeing all seven Celtic languages side by side — makes patterns immediately visible.
Pronunciation: Use ChatGPT in voice mode or Google Gemini alongside each study session. Read each row aloud and ask for pronunciation feedback — this is an integral part of the recommended learning process.
Rows per Day: Use the 📅 button on Polyglot™ to set your daily target. One row per day is a sustainable pace; at this rate every row you study has already been reviewed by the Penrith Beacon Communications | PBC team.